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The glitch occurred just minutes after the $273.4 million spacecraft blasted off at 4:55 a.m. EST (0955 GMT) atop a Taurus XL rocket that launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. "Our whole team at a very personal level is disappointed in the events of this morning," said John Brunschwyler, the Taurus project manager for the Dulles, Va.-based rocket manufacturer Orbital Sciences, in a somber post-launch briefing. "It's very hard."

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The controversial observation could be explained by the mission's previous discovery of perchlorate salts in the soil, since the salts can keep water liquid at sub-zero temperatures. Researchers say this antifreeze effect makes it possible for liquid water to be widespread just below the surface of Mars, but point out that even if it is there, it may be too salty to support life as we know it.

A few days after Phoenix landed on 25 May 2008, it sent back an image showing mysterious splotches of material attached to one of its legs. Strangely, the splotches grew in size over the next few weeks, and Phoenix scientists have been debating the origin of the objects ever since.

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Bathed in martian sunlight for four days, the white substance sublimated--i.e., it transformed from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. This is how water behaves on Mars. Atmospheric pressure on the Red Planet is so low (1% that of Earth), it rarely allows H2O to exist in liquid form on the planet's surface; solid and gas are the only options. Some readers have asked, how do we know the white substance is not frozen CO2 (dry ice) instead of frozen water? Answer: Phoenix's landing site is too warm for dry ice. The average daily temperature is about -70 F while dry ice requires temperatures lower than about -109 F.

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U.S. Rep. Dave Weldon, a Republican whose Florida district includes the Kennedy Space Center, proposed extending the shuttles' lifetime to close the gap until their replacement ships, called Orion, are ready for their first manned flights in 2015. His proposal, which would cost about $10 billion, would have the shuttles make six or seven additional flights between 2010 and 2013 and speed up development of the Orion ships to be ready by then. A second proposal would keep the shuttles flying until 2015 and leave Orion's schedule alone. "This is an issue of priorities," said Weldon, who announced his plan at the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Center on Monday.

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The new silicon carbide differential amplifier integrated circuit chip may provide benefits to anything requiring long-lasting electronic circuits in very hot environments such as jets, spacecraft and industrial machinery. In particular, NASA said SiC applications will include energy storage, renewable energy, nuclear power, electrical drives. The use of the high temperature packaging and operation of SiC power modules for its power electronics equipment will bring about the benefits of increase in power density, reduction in heat sink requirements (thus smaller size and mass), and higher frequency operation that also results in lower mass for the filters and transformers.

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If the storm shifted toward Houston, NASA would evacuate the space centre, which oversees the shuttle during flight, and set up an emergency command post at KSC in Florida. Endeavor is scheduled to touch down in Florida at 1232 EDT (1632 GMT) on Tuesday, but the back-up landing site at Edwards Air Force Base in California will be available if needed, Shannon said.

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Shuttle astronauts used a robot arm to scan the damage with a laser that provided a three-dimensional view showing that the 8-centimetre (3-inch) gash penetrated all the way through the thin tiles that protect the shuttle from heat as it flies through the atmosphere before landing. Mission management team chairman John Shannon said NASA needed to do more tests before making a decision to repair the damage, caused by a chunk of foam that fell off the shuttle's fuel tank about a minute after lift-off on Wednesday from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, US.

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Space shuttle Discovery and its seven-member crew landed safely on Friday at Florida's Kennedy Space Center after worries about weather had scotched an earlier landing time. The landing concluded a successful 13-day mission to continue construction of the International Space Station (ISS) in four space walks, including one added at the last moment to fix a stuck solar array.

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The base would be built in incremental steps, starting with four-person crews making several seven-day visits. The first mission would begin by 2020, with the base growing over time, beefed up with more power, mobility rovers and living quarters. The Moon base would eventually support 180-day lunar stays, a stretch of time seen as the best avenue to establish a permanent presence there, as well as prepare for future human exploration of Mars.

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"We are at the dawning of a new age of solar observations," Russ Howard of the US Naval Research Laboratory said at a NASA news conference on Tuesday. "We're going to be viewing things in a new dimension for us." Howard said STEREO would have an unprecedented "broadside" view of the entire relationship between the Sun and the Earth. Scientists hope the mission will glean insight into solar activities such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the most violent explosions in the solar system.

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Managers suspected the switch did actually move as planned but that a piece of fibre or dust was in the way, blocking the electrical contact in the circuit. So on Monday at 1755 EDT (2155 GMT), they flipped the switch back and forth to try to dislodge the debris. They received confirmation that the fix had worked at 0540 EDT (0940 GMT) on Tuesday, when the ACS's full voltage was detected and the HRC channel in particular showed vital signs again.

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The astronauts will enter the station for the first time about 0755 EDT (1155 GMT), where they will be greeted by its crew. The welcome ceremony with the station's three astronauts will not last long, however. The two crews will quickly begin preparations for the first spacewalk - Tuesday's installation of a 16-tonne truss that will support new solar panels. The crews will use the shuttle's robotic arm to hand the truss to the station's arm. NASA says the 11-day mission to boost the power-generating capacity of the ISS entails the most complex work ever undertaken at the nearly eight-year-old orbiting laboratory.

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Two technicians managed to swap the short bolts with longer versions late on Saturday and early on Sunday. The replacement will not delay the launch, which is set for 1630 EDT (2030 GMT) on 27 August. "Everything looks good," says Tracy Young, a spokesperson at Florida's Kennedy Space Center. "We're on schedule."

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The decision to confirm the launch date was made after a two-day flight readiness review. The launch window lasts until 7 September. During the review, NASA also discussed an issue regarding bolts on the shuttle that could potentially come loose. Recently, engineers discovered that two of four bolts that hold a communications antenna to Atlantis' payload bay are too short.

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There was one small glitch in the pre-landing check out. One of three Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) in Discovery's rear compartment has a small leak - about six drops per hour. The APUs power the hydraulic pump, which controls some of the systems needed for landing, such as the rudder/speed brake and the elevon. Flight controllers are not sure whether the leak is hydrazine fuel or the nitrogen that is used to pressurise the fuel tank. A hydrazine leak would be more serious than a nitrogen leak. Before the de-orbit engine firing, Discovery turned on that APU and it appeared to be working fine.

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"We have a very clean vehicle," shuttle flight director Tony Ceccacci says of the initial safety check, which came on the first full day of orbit. The seven-member crew was checking for possible damage from loose foam that came off the craft a couple of minutes into Tuesday's critical launch. NASA said the team was working very hard to complete the safety check in 24 hours and that initial indications were all good.

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On the ground the focus remained on the shuttle's vexing external fuel tank. One of the safety improvements was the installation of 100 cameras to scrutinise the shuttle for foam debris during its launch. An early review of those images pleased NASA officials. The pictures showed Discovery shed some small pieces of foam as expected a few minutes after launch but officials say they fell off too late to threaten the orbiter.

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"Repair is an option, fly as is is an option," LaNasa said. "It is not rare to repair damage on the pad. It is more rare to roll back." LaNasa said the external tank's liquid oxygen feedline is designed to flex during the fuel loading before a launch and unloading after a scrub. That flexibility, he said, allows the 17-inch feedline to handle the super-cold -297 degree Fahrenheit temperature of the liqid oxygen.

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Weather looks to be a problem once again at Florida's Kennedy Space Center. Forecasters are estimating a 70% chance of unacceptable launch conditions thanks to thunderstorms and anvil clouds, which blow off the top of thunderstorms and could cause lightning. The storms should crop up earlier in the day than they did on Saturday, when the afternoon launch was called off just minutes before liftoff because of anvil clouds in the area.

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NASA shuttle weather experts consistently predicted a 60 percent chance that weather around Discovery's Pad 39B launch site could prevent today's liftoff. Anvil clouds - a potential source of triggered lightning during launch - from inland thunderstorms are among the primary concerns. But earlier this morning, conditions changed. Discovery now has a 60 percent chance of launching into space, with only a 40 percent chance of anvil clouds and inland thunderstorms affecting the space shot.

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Weather conditions are important for the actual liftoff because lightning from anvil and cumulus clouds could strike the shuttle. The clouds could also block the view of ground cameras that must track the shuttle's ascent into space. And NASA does not want to fly the shuttle through rain because water could damage the orbiter's sensitive heat shield. But the weather must also be favourable around the runway at KSC in case the shuttle encounters a major problem during launch and has to make an emergency landing. Such a manoeuvre has never been tried in the 25-year history of the space shuttle programme.

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A Saturday launch would occur at 1939 GMT (1539 EDT). An early weather forecast indicates a 40% chance of rain and a 30% chance of lightning on Saturday afternoon. "I'm hoping the weather's going to improve a little bit ... so we can get off on time," says astronaut Piers Sellers. If Discovery does not lift off on Saturday, its launch window shifts about 25 minutes earlier each day. This will give it a bigger chance of avoiding the afternoon thundershowers that are common in Florida in July. Discovery's window extends until 19 July.

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NASA will begin the countdown for the launch of Space Shuttle Discovery at 5 p.m. EDT June 28. The countdown includes nearly 28 hours of built-in hold time leading to a scheduled launch at about 3:49 p.m. on July 1. The launch window extends for nearly five minutes. The launch team at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Fla., will conduct the countdown from the newly renovated Firing Room 4 of the Launch Control Center.